Mece ce silan

Screw, ko bolt, wani nau'i ne na maɗaukaki, wanda aka saba yi da ƙarfe, kuma yana da siffar ƙugiya mai tsayi, wanda aka sani da zaren namiji (zaren waje) ko kawai zare, wanda aka nannade da silinda. An ƙera wasu zaren dunƙulewa don haɗawa da zaren da aka fi sani da zaren mace (zaren ciki), sau da yawa a matsayin goro ko wani abu da ke da zaren ciki a ciki. An tsara wasu zaren dunƙulewa don yanke tsagi mai ƙarfi a cikin abu mai laushi yayin da aka saka dunƙule. Mafi yawan amfani da Screws shine riƙe abubuwa tare da sanya abubuwa.

Screw kusan ko da yaushe yana da kai a gefe ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi siffa ta musamman wanda ke ba da damar juyawa, ko tuƙi, tare da kayan aiki. Kayan aikin gama gari don tuƙi sun haɗa da screwdrivers da wrenches. Shugaban yawanci ya fi girma fiye da jikin dunƙule, wanda ke kiyaye dunƙulewa daga zurfafawa fiye da tsayin dunƙule kuma don samar da wani wuri mai ɗaukar hoto. Akwai keɓancewa; misali, Karusai suna da kan da ba a tsara don tuƙi ba; saita sukurori sau da yawa suna da kai karami fiye da diamita na waje na dunƙule; J- Bolts suna da kan mai siffar J wanda ba a tsara shi don tuƙi ba, amma yawanci ana nutsar da shi cikin kankare yana ba da damar amfani da shi azaman ƙugiya. Sashin siliki na dunƙule daga ƙasan kai zuwa tip an san shi da shank; yana iya zama cikakken zaren zaren ko kuma a ɗaure shi kaɗan[1]. Ana kiran nisa tsakanin kowane zaren "fiti".

Yawancin screws ana ƙarfafa su ta hanyar jujjuyawar agogo, wanda ake kira zaren hannun dama; na'urar mnemonic na kowa don tunawa da wannan lokacin aiki tare da screws ko bolts shine "madaidaici-m, hagu-loosey." Ana amfani da sukurori tare da zaren hannun hagu a lokuta na musamman. Misali, lokacin da dunƙule za ta kasance ƙarƙashin jujjuyawar juyi ta gaba (wanda zai yi aiki don warware zaren hannun dama), zaren hannun hagu zai zama zaɓin da ya dace. Fedalin gefen hagu na keke yana da zaren hannun hagu.

Gabaɗaya, dunƙule na iya nufin kowace na'ura mai ɗaci, kamar maɗaukaki, micrometer, farfela na jirgi ko bututun ruwa na Archimedes.


Bambance tsakanin kusoshi da dunƙule
Ƙwaƙwalwar abin hawa mai murabba'in goro
Kullin tsari tare da hex goro da mai wanki.

Babu wani bambanci da aka yarda da shi a duniya tsakanin dunƙule da kusoshi. Bambanci mai sauƙi wanda sau da yawa gaskiya ne, ko da yake ba koyaushe ba, shine ƙulli yana wucewa ta cikin wani abu kuma ya ɗauki goro a gefe guda, yayin da dunƙule ba ta ɗaukar na goro saboda yana zaren kai tsaye a cikin substrate. Littafin Handbook na Machinery ya bayyana bambancin kamar haka:

Ƙaƙwalwa wani abin ɗamara ne da zaren zaren waje wanda aka ƙera don sakawa ta cikin ramukan da aka haɗa, kuma yawanci ana nufin a ɗaure shi ko a sake shi ta hanyar jujjuya goro. Skru shine abin ɗamara mai zaren waje wanda za a iya saka shi cikin ramuka a cikin sassan da aka haɗa, na haɗuwa tare da zaren da aka riga aka tsara ko ƙirƙirar nasa zaren, da kuma matsawa ko sakewa ta hanyar jujjuya kai. Zaren zaren waje wanda ake hana juyawa yayin haɗuwa kuma wanda za'a iya matsawa ko kuma a sake shi kawai ta hanyar jujjuya goro shine kusoshi. (Misali: Round Head bolts, Bin Bolts, garma bolts.) Ƙaƙƙarfan zaren zaren waje wanda ke da nau'in zaren da ke hana haɗuwa tare da goro mai madaidaicin zaren tsayin farar yawa shine dunƙule. (Misali: Alkawari na katako, Tapping sukurori.)[2]

Wannan bambance-bambance ya yi daidai da ASME B18.2.1 da wasu ma'anar ƙamus don dunƙule[3] [4] da ƙugiya.[5] [6] [7]

Ba a warware batun abin da yake dunƙule da abin da ke kulle ba tare da bambance-bambancen Littafin Injiniya ba, duk da haka, saboda sharuɗɗan ruɗani, yanayin rashin fahimta na wasu sassa na bambancin, da bambancin amfani.[8][Ba a cikin ambato ba. ] An tattauna wasu daga cikin waɗannan batutuwa a ƙasa:
Makullan inji

Ma'aunin ASME suna ƙayyadad da nau'ikan "Screws Machines" [9] a cikin diamita masu kama da 0.75 a (19.05 mm). Ana amfani da waɗannan na'urorin da ake amfani da su tare da Kwayoyi kamar yadda ake tura su cikin ramukan da aka taɓa. Ana iya la'akari da su dunƙule ko ƙugiya bisa bambance-bambancen Littafin Jagoran Injin. A aikace, yawanci ana samun su a cikin ƙananan girma kuma ana kiran ƙananan masu girma a matsayin skru ko ƙasa da rashin fahimta a matsayin screws na inji, kodayake ana iya kiran wasu nau'in dunƙule na'ura a matsayin murhun murhu.
Hex hula sukurori

Matsayin ASME B18.2.1-1996 yana ƙayyade Hex Cap Screws wanda ke da girman girman daga 0.25-3 a (6.35-76.20 mm) a diamita. Wadannan fasteners sun yi kama da Hex Kusoshi. Sun bambanta galibi saboda an ƙera su don ƙarin juriya fiye da madaidaitan kusoshi. Littafin Handbook na Machinery yana nufin ƙididdiga ga waɗannan masu ɗaure kamar “Gama Hex kusoshi"[10] Da kyau, ana iya kiran waɗannan na'urori a matsayin bolts, amma bisa ga takardar gwamnatin Amurka ta Bambance Bolts daga Screws, gwamnatin Amurka za ta iya rarraba su a matsayin screws saboda tsananin haƙuri. kwarara na jabun fasteners Congress ya wuce PL 11-1991[101] "Dokar Fastener Quality" Wannan ya haifar da sake rubutawa dalla-dalla da kwamitin ASME B592. An sake rubuta B12[18] kuma a sakamakon haka sun kawar da "Gama". Hex Bolts" kuma ya sake masa suna "Hex Cap Screw" - kalmar da ta kasance a cikin amfani da ita tun da farko, amma yanzu kuma an ƙidaya shi azaman sunan hukuma don ma'aunin ASME B18.2.1.
Kullun ƙafar ƙafa da kusoshi na kai

Waɗannan sharuɗɗan suna magana ne ga maɗauran ɗamara waɗanda aka ƙera don zaren zare a cikin wani rami da aka taɓa taɓawa wanda ke cikin ɓangaren taron don haka dangane da bambance-bambancen Littafin Jagoran Injin za su zama skru. Anan sharuɗɗan gama gari sun bambanta da bambancin Littafin Handbook.[14][15]
Lag dunƙule
Lag skru, wanda kuma ake kira lag bolts
Duban gefe

Lag screws (wanda kuma ake kira lag bolts, kodayake wannan kuskure ne) babban sukurori ne na itace. Matsakaicin ASME B18.2.1 ne ke rufewa da masu kai-hannun murabba'i da screws masu kai hex, kuma kai yawanci hex ne na waje. Ƙaƙwalwar lag na yau da kullun na iya kewayo a diamita daga 1⁄4 in (6.35 mm) zuwa 1 1⁄4 in (31.75 mm), da tsayi daga 1⁄4 zuwa 6 in (6.35 zuwa 152.40 mm) ko ya fi tsayi, tare da ƙananan zaren. na dunƙule-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙulle-ƙarfe-ƙarfe-amma ya fi girma).

A kayan yawanci carbon karfe substrate tare da shafi na zinc galvanization (don lalata juriya). Rufin zinc yana iya zama mai haske (electroplated), rawaya (electroplated), ko galvanized mai zafi mai zafi mai launin toka. Ana amfani da lag bolts don haɗa shingen katako, don rage ƙafar injin zuwa benayen itace, da sauran aikace-aikacen kafinta mai nauyi. Alamar lag ɗin ta fito ne daga farkon amfani da irin waɗannan abubuwan ɗaure: ɗaure laka kamar sandunan ganga da sauran sassa iri ɗaya.[16]

Waɗannan masu ɗaure “screws” ne bisa ga ka’idodin Littafin Hannu na Machinery, kuma an maye gurbin kalmar “lag screw” da “lag screw” a cikin Littafin Jagora.[17] Duk da haka, a cikin tunanin 'yan kasuwa da yawa, su "kullun" ne, kawai saboda suna da girma, tare da kawuna ko kawuna. A cikin Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, ana kiran sukulan lag da sunan koci.
Matsayin gwamnatin Amurka

Gwamnatin {asar Amirka ta yi }o}arin daidaita bambancin dake tsakanin bolt da screw, saboda haraji daban-daban ya shafi kowanne.[18] Takaddun yana da alama ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan amfani da kowa kuma baya kawar da yanayin da bai dace ba na banbance tsakanin sukurori da kusoshi don wasu masu ɗaure da zaren zare. Takardar ta kuma nuna (ko da yake mai yiwuwa ba ta samo asali ba) gagarumin ruɗani na amfani da kalmomi wanda ya bambanta tsakanin al'ummar doka/tsari/tsari da masana'antar bututu. Kalmomi na shari'a/tsari/tsari suna amfani da kalmomin "m" da "lafiya" don yin nuni ga tsantsar kewayon haƙuri, yana nufin "mai inganci" ko "ƙananan inganci", amma wannan zaɓi mara kyau ne na sharuddan. , saboda waɗancan sharuɗɗan a cikin masana'antar fastener suna da ma'ana daban-daban (yana nufin tsayin jagorar helix).
Batun tarihi

Tsohuwar ma'auni na USS da SAE sun siffanta sukulan hula a matsayin masu ɗaure tare da ƙullun da aka zare a kai da kusoshi a matsayin masu ɗaure tare da ƙullun da ba a taɓa yin wani yanki ba.[19] Dangantakar wannan ka'ida da ra'ayin cewa kusoshi bisa ma'anarsa yana ɗaukar goro a bayyane yake (saboda ɓangaren da ba a zare shi ba, wanda ake kira grip, ana sa ran zai wuce ta cikin ƙasa ba tare da zare a ciki ba). Wannan yanzu bambamci ne wanda ya daina aiki.
Sarrafa ƙamus tare da harshe na halitta

Ana aiwatar da bambance-bambancen da ke sama a cikin ƙamus ɗin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi. Duk da haka, a wasu lokuta ana samun bambance-bambance tsakanin kalmomin da aka sarrafa da kuma amfani da harshen yanayi na kalmomin ta injiniyoyi, injiniyoyin motoci da sauransu. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna nuna juyin halittar harshe da aka siffata ta hanyar canjin fasaha cikin ƙarni. Kalmomin bolt da dunƙule duk sun wanzu tun kafin zamanin yau na yau da kullun na nau'ikan maɗaukaki sun wanzu, kuma yanayin amfani da waɗannan kalmomin sun samo asali ne a baya-bayan nan don mayar da martani ga canjin fasaha. (Wato amfani da kalmomi a matsayin sunaye ga abubuwa suna canzawa yayin da abubuwan da kansu suke canzawa.) Na'urorin da ba sa zaren zare sun fi yawa har sai da zuwan screw-yanke a zahiri, mara tsada a farkon karni na 19. Ma'anar ma'anar kalmar dunƙule ta daɗe da haɗawa da ra'ayin zaren dunƙulewa mai ɗorewa, amma Archimedes screw da screw gimlet (kamar ƙugiya) sun riga da na'urar.

Kalmar bolt ita ma tsohuwar kalma ce, kuma an yi amfani da ita tsawon shekaru aru-aru don ishara da sandunan ƙarfe da ke ratsa cikin ƙasa don a ɗaure su a gefe guda, sau da yawa ta hanyoyin da ba a rufe ba (clinching, welding, pinning, wedging, da dai sauransu). ). Haɗin wannan ma'ana da ma'anar kullin ƙofar ko kullin giciye yana bayyana. A cikin karni na 19, ƙullun da aka ɗaure ta hanyar zaren dunƙulewa galibi ana kiran su screw bolts cikin sabani ga ƙulle-ƙulle.

A cikin amfani na yau da kullun, bambance-bambance (ba mai tsauri ba) shine sau da yawa cewa sukurori sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da kusoshi, kuma ana yin sukurori gabaɗaya yayin da kusoshi ba. Misali, bolts na silinda ana kiran su "kullun" (aƙalla a cikin amfani da Arewacin Amurka) duk da cewa ta wasu ma'anar ya kamata a kira su "screws". Girman su da kamanceninta da kusoshi wanda zai ɗauki goro ya zama kamar a yare don ƙetare duk wasu abubuwa a cikin wannan zaɓen kalma na halitta.
Sauran bambance-bambance

An ayyana bolts a matsayin masu ɗaurin kai da ke da zaren waje waɗanda suka dace da madaidaici, ƙayyadaddun zaren abin rufe fuska (kamar ISO metric screw thread M, MJ, Unified Thread Standard UN, UNR, da UNJ) ta yadda za su iya karɓar goro ba tare da tafe ba. . Sannan ana ayyana sukukuwa a matsayin masu kai, zaren zaren waje waɗanda basu dace da ma'anar bolts na sama ba. Kuma saboda haka ne, watakila, wasu mutane ke fifita su. Koyaya, ba su yarda da amfani da kalmomin guda biyu ba ko kuma basu dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'ida ba.

Bambance-bambancen da zai yiwu shi ne cewa an tsara dunƙule don yanke zaren nasa; ba shi da buqatar samun dama daga ko fallasa zuwa kishiyar bangaren da ake ɗaure shi. Wannan ma'anar dunƙule yana ƙara ƙarfafawa ta hanyar la'akari da abubuwan da ke faruwa na kayan ɗamara irin su Tek Screws don rufin rufin, hakowa da kai da kai don aikace-aikace na kayan ɗamara na ƙarfe daban-daban, batten screws don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin rufin batten da rafter, decking screws da dai sauransu. A daya bangaren kuma, bolt shine bangaren namiji na tsarin manne da aka ƙera don karɓuwa ta soket ɗin da aka riga aka tanadar (ko goro) na ƙirar zaren daidai.